Legal Studies Crime Notes - 7101 Words

Crime and the Law Notes Syllabus Themes: * The role of discretion in the criminal justice system * Issues of compliance and non compliance in regard to criminal law * The extent to which the law reflects moral and ethical standards * The role of law reform in the criminal justice system * The extent to which the law balances the rights of victims, offenders and society * The effectiveness of legal and non-legal measures in achieving justice Chapter 1: The Nature of Crime Role of Criminal Law: To protect society from those whose behaviour society has deemed to be unacceptable. What is a crime: A crime is an act or omission committed against the community at large that is punishable by the law. Types of crimes:†¦show more content†¦c) Constructive manslaughter, when the accused did not want to kill but did so accidentally during the commission of the crime. * Infanticide: involves a mother causing the death of a child within the first year of life. This can also be used as a defence for mothers who say that mental illness affected their decision. * Reckless Driving: the driver did not intend for their actions to kill another is not as important as other factors e.g. speeding, DUI. Causation must be proven in this case. In some circumstances the accused has claimed poor road conditions. * Assault – causing physical harm or threatening to cause physical harm to another person. In certain cases assault can be acceptable, including boxing and self defence. * Sexual Assault – this involves sexual contact with another without their consent. Even when consent has been given, sexual assault can also occur. If a person over 16 has intercourse with a person und er 16 they can be charged with sexual assault (statutory rape). This also occurs if a person is drugged/drunk for the purpose of having sex with them. Aggravated sexual assault comes with a longer sentence, because of the use of force. Offences Against the Sovereign: * Sedition – is an act of encouraging hatred or contempt on the monarch, government or the constitution. Some say that charging individuals with this is a breach of their freedom of speech. * Treason – involves a breach of allegianceShow MoreRelatedDay-To-Day Realities of Criminal Proceedings in the Downing Centre Local Courts 1417 Words   |  6 Pagesday-to-day realities of criminal proceedings in the Downing Centre Local Courts, and the completion of systematic fieldwork notes intends to address the complex nature of justice. With specific regard to the operation of the local court system and its key players, the impact of the criminal justice system on those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged and particularly those without legal representation, and the issue of whether justice is achieved. The discussion of whether justice is achieved will drawRead MoreEssay on Theory of Criminal Behavior1000 Words   |  4 Pages0 Introduction Crime depicts any act or omission that is prohibited by the public law. On the same note, behavior is a function which has measurable differences in psychological characteristics among individuals (Brennan-Galvin, 2002). Such characteristics may be influenced by constitutional, personality attributes, and neurophysiologic or genetics factors. Likewise, criminal behavior is the commission of acts which in their situational and social settings are considered crimes due to the fact thatRead MoreCrime Is An Act Against The Law1334 Words   |  6 PagesCrime is an act against the law where the consequence of conviction by a court is punishment is a serious one such as imprisonment. The Oxford English Dictionary states that crime is: - â€Å"An act punishable by law, as being forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welfare†¦An evil or injurious act; an offence, a sin†. The government usually set laws that the people must follow, punishment is given for those who lighte n those laws. The legal or criminal justice system applies the law and punishesRead MoreThe Field Of Forensic Linguistics1570 Words   |  7 Pagesas an â€Å"interface† between language, the law and crime where the law includes a variety of judicial matters, legislation and law enforcement (Coulthard Johnson, 2010: 199). Therefore, a forensic linguist may note findings resulting from research conducted within a variety of disciplines including, for example, theory of grammar, discourse analysis, conversation analysis and language and memory studies (Tiersma, 1999: 147). For the most part, crimes require that there is an offender or offenders whoRead MoreThe Impact Of Demonetization On Indian Economy1165 Words   |  5 Pagescounterfeiting, legal tender. INTRODUCTION: Demonetization is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender. It occurs whenever there is a change of national currency: The current form or forms of money is pulled from circulation and retired, often to be replaced with new notes or coins. Sometimes, a country completely replaces the old currency with new currency1. The opposite of demonetization is remonetization, in which a form of payment is restored as legal tender. here areRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Pre Trial Release On The United States 1582 Words   |  7 Pagestime to correlate information they had on persons in custody†¦ that persons released on bail might resume looting† (Paulsen, 1966, pg. 110). The judge found that the defendants could be released on bail, but made bail $3000 higher than normal for the crimes they were arrested for (Paulsen, 1966). Paulsen’s conclusion was foreshadowing the effects that the bail system was having on America, â€Å"statutes in the next decade are likely to improve the administration of the bail system by providing the meansRead MoreJapan s Legal System : Japan Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesJapan’s legal system, as overlaid by Junko Gono, et al, in their work, â€Å"Overview of Legal Systems in the Asia-Pacific Region: Japan,† is based on the civil law tradition , with its biggest historical influences being the civil codes of France and Germany as well as United States law (7). Though considered a civil law country, one key aspect of Japan’s judiciary goes against the standard template for a civil law legal system. Unlike other civil law based countries, Japan’s highest court, as explainedRead MoreDifferences Between U.S. and Mexican Legal System1694 Words   |  7 PagesMEXICO (Please Note-The information provided herein is meant as general guidance only and may not apply fully to your particular situation. Specific questions about interpreting Mexican law should be addressed to competent Mexican lawyers.) INTRODUCTION: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT MEXICO Mexico’s legal system differs from that of the U.S. in a number of important ways that any U.S. citizen accused of a crime in Mexico needs to understand. Most importantly, many of the legal rights andRead MoreLegal - Discretion in the Legal System Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscretion, charge negotiation and judicial discretion in sentencing. The first aspect of the legal system in which discretion is used is in the powers given to police in the criminal investigative process. The responsibility of enforcing criminal always and ensuring they are adhered to lies with the police in the prevention and detection of crime. The role of discretion is key to whether a crime is even investigates, as well as how an offender may be treated or punished later. Police are ableRead MoreCivil Court Visit Report : Name And Address Of The Court1139 Words   |  5 Pagesat the Courts. The day I visited the Court one legal clerk and one judge was present. Firstly the legal clerk was positioned under the judges in front of a computer. She was writing in stenography method all the information that happened in the case in shorthand. Also it was present only 1 Judge named Mr McDonald and he was the person that made all the decisions on legal matters; he was also the one that decided whether a defendant is guilty of a crime and should be punished. 5: List and briefly describe

This Political Study Will Define The Reemergence Of...

This political study will define the reemergence of nationalism due to the failed economic policies of globalization in the Brexit EU Vote. The Brexit Vote defines the lack of economic security promised by the European Union, which had dominated much of Britain‘s global objectives in the world economy. However, the problematic banking issues of the European Central bank (ECB) and the bankruptcy of certain nation states, such as Ireland, Greece, and Portugal, have inspired a new nationalist movement in England to leave the EU. The Brexit Vote, held on June 23rd, 2016, defined a powerful collective process in which 51.9% of the votes decided to lave the EU. This decision was primarily based on reclaiming British nationalism to regain†¦show more content†¦These political trends reveal the underlying trend in nationalism as part of the growing problem of economic inequality, which was devastating the British economy for the greater masses of working people. The lack of res olution for the economic recession brought about a public reaction to policies related to nationalistic objectives, which were dominated by populist sentiment: â€Å"At a time when so many Europeans are faced with unemployment, uncertainty and growing inequality† (200). Certainly, the vote for Brexit defines the underlying re-reemergence of nationalism as a political option in the opposition of failed EU economic policies. The Brexit Vote also defined a complex new set of nationalist principles, which were based on the â€Å"turning back the clock† of racial identity in the pre-EU global order. For instance, the re-emergence of nationalism was also being defined by a the Anglo-Saxon â€Å"purity† of cultural and racial traditions, which undermined the tensions behind the Brexit Vote. In this manner, the perception of job losses in England also exacerbated racial tensions in relation to the immigration crisis across Europe. Many British citizens felt that a lack of regulatory process in EU immigration policy threatened their job security due to the lower wages being paid for immigrant worker: But others suggest it was really a cultural divide that was revealed, rather than an economic one. Another popular explanation for the mass support for LeaveShow MoreRelatedChristian Ethics in a Postmodern World Essay example6531 Words   |  27 Pagesantiworldview: it deconstructs or eliminates the ingredients necessary for a worldview, such as God, self, purpose, meaning, a real world, and truth as correspondence. While motivated in some cases by the ethical concern to forestall totalitarian systems, this type of postmodern thought issues in relativism, even nihilism. It would be called ultramodernism, in that its eliminations result from carrying modern premises to their logical conclusions. (Griffin et al 1993: viii-ix) Griffin declares that heRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesRastafari This page intentionally left blank Rastafari From Outcasts to Culture Bearers Ennis Barrington Edmonds 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala

Discretionary Fiscal Policy Free Essays

The effect of time lags in discretionary fiscal policy in the economic growth and development by the congress and the president captures a broad economic phenomenon. A discretionary fiscal policy is the level of legislative parameters which are used as action policies for providing stimulus for the effect of control of economic recession. However, the most adequate system of recession control using discretionary fiscal policy relate to an estimation of the most adequate time period with which such recession period is to operate in so as to provide the most lucrative legislative tools. We will write a custom essay sample on Discretionary Fiscal Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now (http://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText. 4. 1. shtml) However, a problem exists in estimating the most appropriate economic periods between the upswings and the downswings which the congress and the president is to apply such policies. Since discretionary tools are only used to wave out the problem founded by economy in recession, the relevant stimulus which is a applied for such control are only time constrained and functional if the estimated states of recession is still in occupation. However, a problem mounts on when other various economic shocks which cause time differential hits the economy leading to subjective sub-optimal controls by the discretionary fiscal policies. Since, the status of the economy is difficult to access in terms of its length/span and the states of capacity and economic implication, the use of discretionary fiscal policy would therefore become difficult. (http://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText. 4. 1. shtml) Either, time lags are sensitive variables in defining the scope of economic stability. Generally, time lags may cause preferential economic instability where such tools used to overcome their effects become negatively implicating. Either, economic recession is purely a bad state which would even compromise economic stability. At recession, the state of GDP in terms of aggregate supply and also aggregate demand are usually not at equilibrium. When the tools for economic recession become counteractive, the state economic stability is therefore compromised. Misappropriated time lags lead to disequilibria in the economic markets. Reference Options for Responding to Short-Term Economic Weakness. Retrieved on 11th March 2008 form, http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText.4.1.shtml How to cite Discretionary Fiscal Policy, Papers

Natural and Social Science Interactions

Question: Discuss about the Natural and Social Science Interactions. Answer: According to Mooney, Duraiappah, and Larigauderie (2013), although the existence of poor integration of social and natural science is seen during 1980s, there has been several types of the positive moves observed in the recent times related to the global change programs. The major incorporations related to the global change was seen in terms of the launch of US Global change research program. This has provided several pathways and guideline to address the different types of the issues relating to the activities affecting the process, which are required to understand the overall role of social science is in understanding the nature, drivers and consequences of environmental change. The understanding of the long-term ecosystem research and monitoring process needs to incorporate the four major areas to understand the full potential of the designated approach. The first key area where the progress needs to be made is related to understand the full potential of the long-term ecosystem research progress in terms of assessing the increase in the scope and the variety in the operational range of the study. The second progress must ensure that progress is seen in form of greater integration of research monitoring, modelling, palaeoecological reconstruction which is aimed towards the remote sensing and creation of the broad scale techniques to warn in advance regarding the changes which are expected in the environment. The progress which is to be made in the third area is related to the various types of interdisciplinary approach which focuses on the approaches which are made towards environmental and social science expertise. The third important factor is also seen as important component in understanding the factor responsible for the determination and vulnerability of the natures society system required for the change. The fourth key development area should focus on better usage of long-term ecosystem research and monitoring process to inform the guidance for the sustainability and the guidance required to the policy makers and to the public in general. The two-view framework prepared for the report based on the global change prepared in a report published by Bretherton in the year 1988. The first view was seen as a view was seen as changes in global changes, which took place over thousand to million years, which involved the relevant process related to tracking of the movement and the significant processes such as the changes in the tectonic and variability driver related to the application, of the solar energy. The second view was directly related to understanding of the different type of the concepts was related to the view over the decades to centuries. In this the human activities were viewed as an important source of the changes, which were considered because of the various types of the changes as result of the changes in the human activities over the decades and centuries. The figure given below shown the conceptual model of the functioning system in the times scales used for decades to centuries, in this the human forces are identified. The figure given below rightly identifies the various types of important driving forces, which is required for the different types of the conceptualization process in the subsequent Earth system. Figure 1: Conceptual model of functioning of the earth system (Source: Mooney, Duraiappah, and Larigauderie 2013) For example, at present it has been observed that the two main bodies emphasizing on the international research agenda of social sciences in global change are seen in form of teh existence of the bodies such as International Social Science Council (ISSC) and Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IHDP), which is also sponsored by ISSU. It has been observed that both the bodies are involved in making a significant amount of changes related to revising of the different types of programs, which are required for making significant amount of changes required to put an augmented focus on the implementation of the programs to greater degree. This is done to curb the different types of the problems related to the global change research. The main role of the social science is seen in form of the usage and the framing of the questions relevant to the questions and the agendas prepared within the social sciences. It has been seen that social science can contribute by assessment, synthesis and application of different types of the pre applied academic findings related to the relevant topics. It has been further seen that the acknowledgement of the discussion related to the societal change related to the transitional developments, which is aimed towards sustainability, and the various types of the concepts related to green economy. The acknowledgement of the social science is further seen in form of the application of the wide range of techniques which requires broader range of discussions required for the discussions which is to be made in the various types of associated areas with the desired endpoints. The main aim of the study is to know about the issues faced from reviewing of geo- spatial differences in the aerial imagery for the assessment of changes in the land cover change. The study related to the review of the a application and relevance of the findings of vegetation in Australia has further considered the calibration of the vegetation attributes based on the aerial photography, in which the different types of fields, of the study are reviewed in detail. The discussions of the limitations are mainly observed in terms of the recording of the aerial photography in digital format and standardization image contrast and rectification. The main incidences of the issues are observed in terms of the circumvention of the various types of the application of manual techniques. The main problem is observed in terms of the varying degree between the texture of the crowns of the trees and ground remains (Engelbrecht and Kemp 2015). The overall experience has shown that the aerial photography has been able to outperform by radar and assessment stand volumes. The photographs were seen to be outperforming in the radar through the aerial photography in the discrimination in the tree height. The limitations of the potential power of the aerial photography was seen in form of the issues are observed related to the circumvention of the various types of the application of manual techniques. The issues are problem is observed in terms of the varying degree between the texture of the crowns of the trees and ground remains. Although the aerial imagery has shown enormous amount of potential on the assessment of biomass in the specific areas, the implementation cost of such a technique is observed to be relatively expensive. It has been further observed that the algometric model is not observed to be precise enough in depicting the relationship between the difference in the volumes and dimensions which shows the individual difference in the height of the trees. In addition to this the various types of the foresters has taken several initiatives to calibrate manual techniques in order to assess stem densities procured from a large scale photography (Niraula et al.2013). For example, in the year 1987 in was demonstrated by Needham and Smith demonstrated that the net count of the stems in the lobby pine plantations. It was observed to be 1:2750 photographs over estimates field counts by only 1.4% and they were further able to record 81% of the trees and shrubs in the region of the riparian woodlands from 1:10000 ratio of the aerial photography. Another instance of study depicted a smaller scale of the photos with 1:15840 photos found in the overall aerial assessments. The major limitation was observed with aerial assessments with stem density of approximately 10% lesser than the field assessment (Stockdale et al. 2015). In addition to this the impact of limitations of the aerial photography are also seen far beyond the application in the vegetation. The various types of the limitations are also prevalent in areas of sensor media characteristics especially used during the middle of 1860s. The aerial pictures produced after the exposure in the solar energy from the earth are often involved in depicting in a colour infrared (referred to as false colour). In this case the photos closer to light reflected from the scene appears as red, blue appears as black, green as blue and red appears as green. This is particularly detrimental in the analysis of the pattern of growth of diseased vegetation. Due to the changing textures in the photographs, it is often difficult to assess the areas of the healthy vegetation. The changes in the color pattern with relevance to the aforementioned are shown below as follows: Figure 2: Oblique coloured infrared aerial image of Niagara Falls (Source: ERG Information Services 2016) It has been further observed that the main issues with respect to the automated analysis of the texture should be relevant to the application of suitable, procedure related to the application of the procedures. These procedures have been found to be applicable for the identification of the various types of the procedures in order to identify and positioning of the targeted regions within the frame of the study (Fs.fed.us. 2016). The overall analysis of the difficulties of assessing the land covers change using aerial imagery has clearly depicted that the problems are associated with assessing more than the pattern of the vegetation. It has been further observed that the significant implications for the associated are more than scale of images and the issue of contrast differences between images sets. It has been observed that the main issue has been observed in form of recording of the aerial imagery in digital form and standardization of image contrast and rectification. Furthermore, Circumvention of the various types of the application of manual techniques and the varying degree of difference between the texture of the crowns of the trees and ground remains are seen are major problem. In addition to this, the aerial pictures produced after the exposure in the solar energy from the earth are often involved in depicting in a colour infrared (referred to as false colour). References Catalan, J., Pla-Rabs, S., Wolfe, A.P., Smol, J.P., Rhland, K.M., Anderson, N.J., KopÄ ek, J., Stuchlk, E., Schmidt, R., Koinig, K.A. and Camarero, L., 2013. Global change revealed by palaeolimnological records from remote lakes: a review.Journal of Paleolimnology,49(3), pp.513-535. Engelbrecht, J. and Kemp, J., 2015. The use of Landsat and aerial photography for the assessment of coastal erosion and erosion susceptibility in False Bay, South Africa. CONSAS conference. ERG Information Services, P. (2016).Aerial Photographs and Satellite Images. [online] Pubs.usgs.gov. Available at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/AerialPhotos_SatImages/aerial.html [Accessed 3 Nov. 2016]. Fs.fed.us. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr802/Vol1/pnw_gtr802vol1_evans.pdf [Accessed 3 Nov. 2016]. Jones, K.B., Zurlini, G., Kienast, F., Petrosillo, I., Edwards, T., Wade, T.G., Li, B.L. and Zaccarelli, N., 2013. Informing landscape planning and design for sustaining ecosystem services from existing spatial patterns and knowledge.Landscape Ecology,28(6), pp.1175-1192. Mooney, H.A., Duraiappah, A. and Larigauderie, A., 2013. Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(Supplement 1), pp.3665-3672. Niraula, R.R., Gilani, H., Pokharel, B.K. and Qamer, F.M., 2013. Measuring impacts of community forestry program through repeat photography and satellite remote sensing in the Dolakha district of Nepal.Journal of environmental management,126, pp.20-29. Stockdale, C.A., Bozzini, C., Macdonald, S.E. and Higgs, E., 2015. Extracting ecological information from oblique angle terrestrial landscape photographs: Performance evaluation of the WSL Monoplotting Tool.Applied Geography,63, pp.315-325. Unfccc.int. (2016). [online] Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/research_and_systematic_observation/application/pdf/21_rogers,_ihdp_social_sciences_contributions.pdf [Accessed 3 Nov. 2016].