Legal Studies Crime Notes - 7101 Words

Crime and the Law Notes Syllabus Themes: * The role of discretion in the criminal justice system * Issues of compliance and non compliance in regard to criminal law * The extent to which the law reflects moral and ethical standards * The role of law reform in the criminal justice system * The extent to which the law balances the rights of victims, offenders and society * The effectiveness of legal and non-legal measures in achieving justice Chapter 1: The Nature of Crime Role of Criminal Law: To protect society from those whose behaviour society has deemed to be unacceptable. What is a crime: A crime is an act or omission committed against the community at large that is punishable by the law. Types of crimes:†¦show more content†¦c) Constructive manslaughter, when the accused did not want to kill but did so accidentally during the commission of the crime. * Infanticide: involves a mother causing the death of a child within the first year of life. This can also be used as a defence for mothers who say that mental illness affected their decision. * Reckless Driving: the driver did not intend for their actions to kill another is not as important as other factors e.g. speeding, DUI. Causation must be proven in this case. In some circumstances the accused has claimed poor road conditions. * Assault – causing physical harm or threatening to cause physical harm to another person. In certain cases assault can be acceptable, including boxing and self defence. * Sexual Assault – this involves sexual contact with another without their consent. Even when consent has been given, sexual assault can also occur. If a person over 16 has intercourse with a person und er 16 they can be charged with sexual assault (statutory rape). This also occurs if a person is drugged/drunk for the purpose of having sex with them. Aggravated sexual assault comes with a longer sentence, because of the use of force. Offences Against the Sovereign: * Sedition – is an act of encouraging hatred or contempt on the monarch, government or the constitution. Some say that charging individuals with this is a breach of their freedom of speech. * Treason – involves a breach of allegianceShow MoreRelatedDay-To-Day Realities of Criminal Proceedings in the Downing Centre Local Courts 1417 Words   |  6 Pagesday-to-day realities of criminal proceedings in the Downing Centre Local Courts, and the completion of systematic fieldwork notes intends to address the complex nature of justice. With specific regard to the operation of the local court system and its key players, the impact of the criminal justice system on those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged and particularly those without legal representation, and the issue of whether justice is achieved. The discussion of whether justice is achieved will drawRead MoreEssay on Theory of Criminal Behavior1000 Words   |  4 Pages0 Introduction Crime depicts any act or omission that is prohibited by the public law. On the same note, behavior is a function which has measurable differences in psychological characteristics among individuals (Brennan-Galvin, 2002). Such characteristics may be influenced by constitutional, personality attributes, and neurophysiologic or genetics factors. Likewise, criminal behavior is the commission of acts which in their situational and social settings are considered crimes due to the fact thatRead MoreCrime Is An Act Against The Law1334 Words   |  6 PagesCrime is an act against the law where the consequence of conviction by a court is punishment is a serious one such as imprisonment. The Oxford English Dictionary states that crime is: - â€Å"An act punishable by law, as being forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welfare†¦An evil or injurious act; an offence, a sin†. The government usually set laws that the people must follow, punishment is given for those who lighte n those laws. The legal or criminal justice system applies the law and punishesRead MoreThe Field Of Forensic Linguistics1570 Words   |  7 Pagesas an â€Å"interface† between language, the law and crime where the law includes a variety of judicial matters, legislation and law enforcement (Coulthard Johnson, 2010: 199). Therefore, a forensic linguist may note findings resulting from research conducted within a variety of disciplines including, for example, theory of grammar, discourse analysis, conversation analysis and language and memory studies (Tiersma, 1999: 147). For the most part, crimes require that there is an offender or offenders whoRead MoreThe Impact Of Demonetization On Indian Economy1165 Words   |  5 Pagescounterfeiting, legal tender. INTRODUCTION: Demonetization is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender. It occurs whenever there is a change of national currency: The current form or forms of money is pulled from circulation and retired, often to be replaced with new notes or coins. Sometimes, a country completely replaces the old currency with new currency1. The opposite of demonetization is remonetization, in which a form of payment is restored as legal tender. here areRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Pre Trial Release On The United States 1582 Words   |  7 Pagestime to correlate information they had on persons in custody†¦ that persons released on bail might resume looting† (Paulsen, 1966, pg. 110). The judge found that the defendants could be released on bail, but made bail $3000 higher than normal for the crimes they were arrested for (Paulsen, 1966). Paulsen’s conclusion was foreshadowing the effects that the bail system was having on America, â€Å"statutes in the next decade are likely to improve the administration of the bail system by providing the meansRead MoreJapan s Legal System : Japan Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesJapan’s legal system, as overlaid by Junko Gono, et al, in their work, â€Å"Overview of Legal Systems in the Asia-Pacific Region: Japan,† is based on the civil law tradition , with its biggest historical influences being the civil codes of France and Germany as well as United States law (7). Though considered a civil law country, one key aspect of Japan’s judiciary goes against the standard template for a civil law legal system. Unlike other civil law based countries, Japan’s highest court, as explainedRead MoreDifferences Between U.S. and Mexican Legal System1694 Words   |  7 PagesMEXICO (Please Note-The information provided herein is meant as general guidance only and may not apply fully to your particular situation. Specific questions about interpreting Mexican law should be addressed to competent Mexican lawyers.) INTRODUCTION: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT MEXICO Mexico’s legal system differs from that of the U.S. in a number of important ways that any U.S. citizen accused of a crime in Mexico needs to understand. Most importantly, many of the legal rights andRead MoreLegal - Discretion in the Legal System Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscretion, charge negotiation and judicial discretion in sentencing. The first aspect of the legal system in which discretion is used is in the powers given to police in the criminal investigative process. The responsibility of enforcing criminal always and ensuring they are adhered to lies with the police in the prevention and detection of crime. The role of discretion is key to whether a crime is even investigates, as well as how an offender may be treated or punished later. Police are ableRead MoreCivil Court Visit Report : Name And Address Of The Court1139 Words   |  5 Pagesat the Courts. The day I visited the Court one legal clerk and one judge was present. Firstly the legal clerk was positioned under the judges in front of a computer. She was writing in stenography method all the information that happened in the case in shorthand. Also it was present only 1 Judge named Mr McDonald and he was the person that made all the decisions on legal matters; he was also the one that decided whether a defendant is guilty of a crime and should be punished. 5: List and briefly describe

This Political Study Will Define The Reemergence Of...

This political study will define the reemergence of nationalism due to the failed economic policies of globalization in the Brexit EU Vote. The Brexit Vote defines the lack of economic security promised by the European Union, which had dominated much of Britain‘s global objectives in the world economy. However, the problematic banking issues of the European Central bank (ECB) and the bankruptcy of certain nation states, such as Ireland, Greece, and Portugal, have inspired a new nationalist movement in England to leave the EU. The Brexit Vote, held on June 23rd, 2016, defined a powerful collective process in which 51.9% of the votes decided to lave the EU. This decision was primarily based on reclaiming British nationalism to regain†¦show more content†¦These political trends reveal the underlying trend in nationalism as part of the growing problem of economic inequality, which was devastating the British economy for the greater masses of working people. The lack of res olution for the economic recession brought about a public reaction to policies related to nationalistic objectives, which were dominated by populist sentiment: â€Å"At a time when so many Europeans are faced with unemployment, uncertainty and growing inequality† (200). Certainly, the vote for Brexit defines the underlying re-reemergence of nationalism as a political option in the opposition of failed EU economic policies. The Brexit Vote also defined a complex new set of nationalist principles, which were based on the â€Å"turning back the clock† of racial identity in the pre-EU global order. For instance, the re-emergence of nationalism was also being defined by a the Anglo-Saxon â€Å"purity† of cultural and racial traditions, which undermined the tensions behind the Brexit Vote. In this manner, the perception of job losses in England also exacerbated racial tensions in relation to the immigration crisis across Europe. Many British citizens felt that a lack of regulatory process in EU immigration policy threatened their job security due to the lower wages being paid for immigrant worker: But others suggest it was really a cultural divide that was revealed, rather than an economic one. Another popular explanation for the mass support for LeaveShow MoreRelatedChristian Ethics in a Postmodern World Essay example6531 Words   |  27 Pagesantiworldview: it deconstructs or eliminates the ingredients necessary for a worldview, such as God, self, purpose, meaning, a real world, and truth as correspondence. While motivated in some cases by the ethical concern to forestall totalitarian systems, this type of postmodern thought issues in relativism, even nihilism. It would be called ultramodernism, in that its eliminations result from carrying modern premises to their logical conclusions. (Griffin et al 1993: viii-ix) Griffin declares that heRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesRastafari This page intentionally left blank Rastafari From Outcasts to Culture Bearers Ennis Barrington Edmonds 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala

Discretionary Fiscal Policy Free Essays

The effect of time lags in discretionary fiscal policy in the economic growth and development by the congress and the president captures a broad economic phenomenon. A discretionary fiscal policy is the level of legislative parameters which are used as action policies for providing stimulus for the effect of control of economic recession. However, the most adequate system of recession control using discretionary fiscal policy relate to an estimation of the most adequate time period with which such recession period is to operate in so as to provide the most lucrative legislative tools. We will write a custom essay sample on Discretionary Fiscal Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now (http://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText. 4. 1. shtml) However, a problem exists in estimating the most appropriate economic periods between the upswings and the downswings which the congress and the president is to apply such policies. Since discretionary tools are only used to wave out the problem founded by economy in recession, the relevant stimulus which is a applied for such control are only time constrained and functional if the estimated states of recession is still in occupation. However, a problem mounts on when other various economic shocks which cause time differential hits the economy leading to subjective sub-optimal controls by the discretionary fiscal policies. Since, the status of the economy is difficult to access in terms of its length/span and the states of capacity and economic implication, the use of discretionary fiscal policy would therefore become difficult. (http://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText. 4. 1. shtml) Either, time lags are sensitive variables in defining the scope of economic stability. Generally, time lags may cause preferential economic instability where such tools used to overcome their effects become negatively implicating. Either, economic recession is purely a bad state which would even compromise economic stability. At recession, the state of GDP in terms of aggregate supply and also aggregate demand are usually not at equilibrium. When the tools for economic recession become counteractive, the state economic stability is therefore compromised. Misappropriated time lags lead to disequilibria in the economic markets. Reference Options for Responding to Short-Term Economic Weakness. Retrieved on 11th March 2008 form, http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8916/MainText.4.1.shtml How to cite Discretionary Fiscal Policy, Papers

Natural and Social Science Interactions

Question: Discuss about the Natural and Social Science Interactions. Answer: According to Mooney, Duraiappah, and Larigauderie (2013), although the existence of poor integration of social and natural science is seen during 1980s, there has been several types of the positive moves observed in the recent times related to the global change programs. The major incorporations related to the global change was seen in terms of the launch of US Global change research program. This has provided several pathways and guideline to address the different types of the issues relating to the activities affecting the process, which are required to understand the overall role of social science is in understanding the nature, drivers and consequences of environmental change. The understanding of the long-term ecosystem research and monitoring process needs to incorporate the four major areas to understand the full potential of the designated approach. The first key area where the progress needs to be made is related to understand the full potential of the long-term ecosystem research progress in terms of assessing the increase in the scope and the variety in the operational range of the study. The second progress must ensure that progress is seen in form of greater integration of research monitoring, modelling, palaeoecological reconstruction which is aimed towards the remote sensing and creation of the broad scale techniques to warn in advance regarding the changes which are expected in the environment. The progress which is to be made in the third area is related to the various types of interdisciplinary approach which focuses on the approaches which are made towards environmental and social science expertise. The third important factor is also seen as important component in understanding the factor responsible for the determination and vulnerability of the natures society system required for the change. The fourth key development area should focus on better usage of long-term ecosystem research and monitoring process to inform the guidance for the sustainability and the guidance required to the policy makers and to the public in general. The two-view framework prepared for the report based on the global change prepared in a report published by Bretherton in the year 1988. The first view was seen as a view was seen as changes in global changes, which took place over thousand to million years, which involved the relevant process related to tracking of the movement and the significant processes such as the changes in the tectonic and variability driver related to the application, of the solar energy. The second view was directly related to understanding of the different type of the concepts was related to the view over the decades to centuries. In this the human activities were viewed as an important source of the changes, which were considered because of the various types of the changes as result of the changes in the human activities over the decades and centuries. The figure given below shown the conceptual model of the functioning system in the times scales used for decades to centuries, in this the human forces are identified. The figure given below rightly identifies the various types of important driving forces, which is required for the different types of the conceptualization process in the subsequent Earth system. Figure 1: Conceptual model of functioning of the earth system (Source: Mooney, Duraiappah, and Larigauderie 2013) For example, at present it has been observed that the two main bodies emphasizing on the international research agenda of social sciences in global change are seen in form of teh existence of the bodies such as International Social Science Council (ISSC) and Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IHDP), which is also sponsored by ISSU. It has been observed that both the bodies are involved in making a significant amount of changes related to revising of the different types of programs, which are required for making significant amount of changes required to put an augmented focus on the implementation of the programs to greater degree. This is done to curb the different types of the problems related to the global change research. The main role of the social science is seen in form of the usage and the framing of the questions relevant to the questions and the agendas prepared within the social sciences. It has been seen that social science can contribute by assessment, synthesis and application of different types of the pre applied academic findings related to the relevant topics. It has been further seen that the acknowledgement of the discussion related to the societal change related to the transitional developments, which is aimed towards sustainability, and the various types of the concepts related to green economy. The acknowledgement of the social science is further seen in form of the application of the wide range of techniques which requires broader range of discussions required for the discussions which is to be made in the various types of associated areas with the desired endpoints. The main aim of the study is to know about the issues faced from reviewing of geo- spatial differences in the aerial imagery for the assessment of changes in the land cover change. The study related to the review of the a application and relevance of the findings of vegetation in Australia has further considered the calibration of the vegetation attributes based on the aerial photography, in which the different types of fields, of the study are reviewed in detail. The discussions of the limitations are mainly observed in terms of the recording of the aerial photography in digital format and standardization image contrast and rectification. The main incidences of the issues are observed in terms of the circumvention of the various types of the application of manual techniques. The main problem is observed in terms of the varying degree between the texture of the crowns of the trees and ground remains (Engelbrecht and Kemp 2015). The overall experience has shown that the aerial photography has been able to outperform by radar and assessment stand volumes. The photographs were seen to be outperforming in the radar through the aerial photography in the discrimination in the tree height. The limitations of the potential power of the aerial photography was seen in form of the issues are observed related to the circumvention of the various types of the application of manual techniques. The issues are problem is observed in terms of the varying degree between the texture of the crowns of the trees and ground remains. Although the aerial imagery has shown enormous amount of potential on the assessment of biomass in the specific areas, the implementation cost of such a technique is observed to be relatively expensive. It has been further observed that the algometric model is not observed to be precise enough in depicting the relationship between the difference in the volumes and dimensions which shows the individual difference in the height of the trees. In addition to this the various types of the foresters has taken several initiatives to calibrate manual techniques in order to assess stem densities procured from a large scale photography (Niraula et al.2013). For example, in the year 1987 in was demonstrated by Needham and Smith demonstrated that the net count of the stems in the lobby pine plantations. It was observed to be 1:2750 photographs over estimates field counts by only 1.4% and they were further able to record 81% of the trees and shrubs in the region of the riparian woodlands from 1:10000 ratio of the aerial photography. Another instance of study depicted a smaller scale of the photos with 1:15840 photos found in the overall aerial assessments. The major limitation was observed with aerial assessments with stem density of approximately 10% lesser than the field assessment (Stockdale et al. 2015). In addition to this the impact of limitations of the aerial photography are also seen far beyond the application in the vegetation. The various types of the limitations are also prevalent in areas of sensor media characteristics especially used during the middle of 1860s. The aerial pictures produced after the exposure in the solar energy from the earth are often involved in depicting in a colour infrared (referred to as false colour). In this case the photos closer to light reflected from the scene appears as red, blue appears as black, green as blue and red appears as green. This is particularly detrimental in the analysis of the pattern of growth of diseased vegetation. Due to the changing textures in the photographs, it is often difficult to assess the areas of the healthy vegetation. The changes in the color pattern with relevance to the aforementioned are shown below as follows: Figure 2: Oblique coloured infrared aerial image of Niagara Falls (Source: ERG Information Services 2016) It has been further observed that the main issues with respect to the automated analysis of the texture should be relevant to the application of suitable, procedure related to the application of the procedures. These procedures have been found to be applicable for the identification of the various types of the procedures in order to identify and positioning of the targeted regions within the frame of the study (Fs.fed.us. 2016). The overall analysis of the difficulties of assessing the land covers change using aerial imagery has clearly depicted that the problems are associated with assessing more than the pattern of the vegetation. It has been further observed that the significant implications for the associated are more than scale of images and the issue of contrast differences between images sets. It has been observed that the main issue has been observed in form of recording of the aerial imagery in digital form and standardization of image contrast and rectification. Furthermore, Circumvention of the various types of the application of manual techniques and the varying degree of difference between the texture of the crowns of the trees and ground remains are seen are major problem. In addition to this, the aerial pictures produced after the exposure in the solar energy from the earth are often involved in depicting in a colour infrared (referred to as false colour). References Catalan, J., Pla-Rabs, S., Wolfe, A.P., Smol, J.P., Rhland, K.M., Anderson, N.J., KopÄ ek, J., Stuchlk, E., Schmidt, R., Koinig, K.A. and Camarero, L., 2013. Global change revealed by palaeolimnological records from remote lakes: a review.Journal of Paleolimnology,49(3), pp.513-535. Engelbrecht, J. and Kemp, J., 2015. The use of Landsat and aerial photography for the assessment of coastal erosion and erosion susceptibility in False Bay, South Africa. CONSAS conference. ERG Information Services, P. (2016).Aerial Photographs and Satellite Images. [online] Pubs.usgs.gov. Available at: https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/AerialPhotos_SatImages/aerial.html [Accessed 3 Nov. 2016]. Fs.fed.us. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr802/Vol1/pnw_gtr802vol1_evans.pdf [Accessed 3 Nov. 2016]. Jones, K.B., Zurlini, G., Kienast, F., Petrosillo, I., Edwards, T., Wade, T.G., Li, B.L. and Zaccarelli, N., 2013. Informing landscape planning and design for sustaining ecosystem services from existing spatial patterns and knowledge.Landscape Ecology,28(6), pp.1175-1192. Mooney, H.A., Duraiappah, A. and Larigauderie, A., 2013. Evolution of natural and social science interactions in global change research programs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(Supplement 1), pp.3665-3672. Niraula, R.R., Gilani, H., Pokharel, B.K. and Qamer, F.M., 2013. Measuring impacts of community forestry program through repeat photography and satellite remote sensing in the Dolakha district of Nepal.Journal of environmental management,126, pp.20-29. Stockdale, C.A., Bozzini, C., Macdonald, S.E. and Higgs, E., 2015. Extracting ecological information from oblique angle terrestrial landscape photographs: Performance evaluation of the WSL Monoplotting Tool.Applied Geography,63, pp.315-325. Unfccc.int. (2016). [online] Available at: https://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/research_and_systematic_observation/application/pdf/21_rogers,_ihdp_social_sciences_contributions.pdf [Accessed 3 Nov. 2016].

One Malaysia free essay sample

Many ideas and questions stirred in my heart when I was asked what will I do if I am the most influential leader of the country. I could assume my first thought is almost identical as anyone’s answer that is about the utilizing of multiracial status and all, but how could we really understand the uniqueness of a south east Asia country, Malaysia, to be different compared to other multiracial country too? My answer is â€Å"to lead 1malaysia publicize their basic, greatest asset splendidly, that is multiracial and placing unity the top priority† What really inspires me is what our beloved prime minister Dato’ Sri Najib Razak idea for 1malaysia, even though at first sight it might sound another useless propaganda from the government, and many of my friends take it as a joke for the unity among the nations in this colourful land, but I see the true colours behind his meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on One Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How is Dato’ Sri Najib Razak inclined towards something as haunting and anathema as this to many of his UMNO colleagues and war lords? Surely nothing that he has said or done in his lifetime that I can think of that I could associate 1 Malaysia or its theme to. The answer is back to the moment when Rukun Negara was proclaimed on the 31 August 1970 by the Yang Di Pertuan Agong, and Najib has done a good job on reminding how 1Malaysia concept goes along with the principles of Rukun Negara. And yet, what is it that we recite and remember of it? the pledge: We, the people of Malaysia pledge our united efforts to attain these ends, guided by these principle. Belief in God, Loyalty to King and Country, Supremacy to the Constitution, The Rule of Law, Mutual respect and good social behaviour. But sadly, this pledge is often an every Monday routine for school students and it’s meaning is often being treated insignificantly. But our prime minister shared his view for this pledge, and that really makes me think that His intention or surprise for 1Malaysia concept is not like any prime minister did before. He shared it as the meaning behind it as†¦ Our nation, Malaysia is dedicated to: Achieving a greater unity for all her people, Maintaining a democratic way of life, Creating a just society in which the wealth of the nation shall be equitably distributed; Ensuring a liberal approach to her rich and diverse cultural tradition, Building a progressive society which shall be oriented to modern science and technology. And all these, we could relate it with the right path and vision settings for a nation with multiracial status to excel while placing unity in the top priority. I have met quite a number of international student, and one word they define Malaysia is truly truly Multiculture and Multiracial, after all the other multiracial countries they have been, they really mean that Malaysia is such a country to have truly culture, races diverse activities, such as Raya open houses etc.. and everything being blend into a colourful canvas, but not divided by skin or geographically or social economy responsibility. I can see the 1 Malaysia prescribed by Najib is consistent with what his late father, Tun Razak, prescribed as the National Ideology of the nation way back in 1970. It is sad that this has been throughout this time been shafted and mostly forgotten. Najib may have tested waters including reference to 1 Malaysia in his opening speech. Many have tried to define what it might be within the acceptable mores of their convoluted minds. But I say, 1 Malaysia is right there for all to see in the Rukun Negara. If we have only been able to recite the principles without seeing where it is supposed to head us to, maybe it is about time we started reciting the dedication of the Rukun Negara. The term 1Malaysia , however is not a fresh idea, however it has been used by our neighbour country, Singapore decades ago. I was reading Lee Kuan Yew’s book, The Singapore Story, truly one of the best books that planted a lesson in my heart. It was the time Singapore was a truly a resourceless, helpless and having no security, in it’s most vulnerable state. But Lee Kuan Yew stood up and suggested the concept of 1Singapore, and it worked fantastically, his words in the book really gave me a picture how a third world country turn into a first world country, just one thing, Unity. However in our case, It’s a certain thing that we have a little more obstacle as we have a larger geographical area and hard to have an even and constant improvement across the big terrain as compared to Singapore. And right now, Najib’s 1 Malaysia Idea is truly a challenging one, and on the question JomMasukUsm asked me, my answer might not seem original, which I state that I will do the same way as our Prime Minister intended, Simply just means I truly respect the plans he has right now, that I believe and being optimist that His plans will really sketch a better Malaysia for tomorrow. I encourage each of you to join me in defining our Malaysia and the role we must play in its future. Each of us — despite our differences — shares a desire for a better tomorrow. Each of us wants opportunity, respect, friendship, and understanding. † Dato’ Sri Najib Razak. Lastly, I would like to conclude His awesome plans with a quotation, â€Å"It takes onl y a person to score a goal in the Game, but it takes a team to win it all† Our Respectable Prime Minister has taken the first step to score the goal, are we going to join him hand to hand, or just being at the substitute stand cowardly? You say.

Overcoming Empty Nest Syndrome

Overcoming Empty Nest Syndrome As sure as summer turns to fall, every August thousands of women across the country experience a unique form of heartbreak. It’s not unrequited love – it’s the bittersweet act of sending a child off to college. Empty nest syndrome creates anxiety for even the most independent of women. Next to childbirth, it’s one of the biggest transitions of motherhood. Departure - Not Abandonment For many, it’s a personal struggle to come to terms with one’s own feelings of loss and change. Mindy Holgate, 45, an office manager from New York, was surprised at how deeply she was affected by her daughter Emily’s departure for a large state university three hours away. â€Å"It was huge. We had a friendship as well as a mother/daughter relationship. When that was taken away, I felt so lonely.† Holgate says she cried for two weeks after saying goodbye last August. She also admits that she resented Emily and felt abandoned. But now, looking back with a year’s perspective under her belt, she acknowledges, â€Å"That was all about me, not her. Having that bond and then letting go was my own issue.† Transplantating Your Child Like Holgate, many mothers who sing the empty nest blues cant see beyond the hole created by a child’s absence. And maybe it’s the phrase ‘empty nest’ that’s partly to blame. The following analogy expresses this transition in a more positive light: Imagine transplanting a flower or bush to a new location so it can grow healthier and stronger. For this to successfully occur, you have to dig up the plant and sever its roots. There’s an initial shock to the system, but planted in its new surroundings, it extends new roots and eventually establishes itself more firmly than before. And the hole that’s left behind can be filled in with fertile soil ready to nurture new opportunities. Mother - Not Friend Letting go seems especially challenging for baby boomer mothers. Many pride themselves on being a friend first and a parent second. This may be why a term used by college administrators – helicopter parenting – has entered the mainstream to describe a mother and/or father who hovers to the detriment of their child’s personal growth and development. Anyone familiar with the cell phone habits of teenagers knows that constant contact with friends, whether texting or calling, is commonplace. But a responsible mother who wants what’s best for her college freshman has to behave like a parent – not a friend. She needs to refrain from picking up the phone and calling or sending text messages daily, or even weekly. School of Hard Knocks Let your child reach out to you and establish his or her own terms for staying in touch. They’re the ones who have to learn the ins and outs of college classes, dorm life, relationships, newfound freedom, and financial responsibility. Over-involvment - or trying to smooth over the rough spots that arise in college life - takes away opportunities for your child to envision solutions or develop coping strategies. Holgate found this out herself when her daughter casually mentioned in a phone conversation that she’d lost her student dining card and couldn’t access her meal plan. Though Holgate was frustrated that her daughter hadn’t thought to contact student services with her problem, she knew it was all a part of growing up. â€Å"Out of Your Hands† And the benefit of letting go? A life that blooms independently on its own. Holgate sees the process as similar to paying out rope: â€Å"First you ease it little by little, then suddenly it just slips out of your hands and you’ve let go.† She realized she’d let go when her daughter Emily decided to go to Canada this summer for a week with friends. â€Å"I didn’t ask her where she was staying, where I could reach her, or what she’d be doing. And I almost felt guilty about it. Last summer I wouldn’t have imagined I’d feel this way. Over the past year, the process of letting go almost happened right under my nose without my noticing it.† Holgate’s advice to mothers currently facing this situation: â€Å"Let the kid go. And don’t lose sight of the fact that it’s a transition for both of you.†

Apple Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Apple Inc - Essay Example The company is located in the Silicon Valley in the United States that is currently experiencing economic turmoil. The recession has caused some technology companies to close shop and file for bankruptcy. Unemployment in the region has increased due to the economic downturn. On the other hand, the high standards of living among Americans have prompted for an increase in labour wages. The problems of the American economy created threats to the sustainability of some companies. However, Apple saw the recession as an opportunity to pool potential talents for their new business ventures. Laws and regulations related to mobile communications devices in the many jurisdictions in which the Company operates are extensive and subject to change. Such changes, which could include restrictions on production, manufacture, distribution, and use of the device, locking the device to a carrier's network, or mandating the use of the device on more than one carrier's network, could have a material adverseeffect on the Company's financial condition and operating results. Mobile communication devices, such as iPhone, are subject to certification and regulation by governmental and standardization bodies, as well as by cellular network carriers for use on their networks. These certification processes are extensive and time consuming, and could result in additional testing requirements, product modifications or delays in product shipment. (Apple, Inc, 2008) Information technology system failures, network disruptions and breaches of data security could disrupt the company's operations by causing delays or cancellation of customer, including channel partner. This situation can negatively affect the company's online offerings and services, impeding the manufacture or shipment of products, processing transactions and reporting financial results, resulting in the unintentional disclosure of customer or company information, or damage to the Company's reputation. (Apple, Inc, 2008) War, terrorism, geopolitical uncertainties, public health issues, and other business interruptions have caused and could cause damage or disruption to international commerce and the global economy, and thus could have a strong negative effect on the Company, its suppliers, logistics providers, manufacturing vendors and customers, including channel partners. The Company's business operations are subject to interruption by natural disasters, fire, power shortages, terrorist attacks, and other hostile acts, labor disputes, public health issues, and other events beyond its control. Such events could decrease demand for the Company's products, make it difficult or impossible for the Company to make and deliver products to its customers, including channel partners, or to receive components from its suppliers, and create delays and inefficiencies in the Company's supply chain. Should major public health issues, including pandemics, arise, the Company could be negatively affected by more stringent employee travel restrictions, additional limitations in freight services, governmental actions limiting the movement of products between regions, delays in production ramps of new products, and disruptions in the operations of the Company's manufacturing vendors and component suppliers. (Apple, Inc, 2008) The technology industry is a very attractive industry with a growing market demand internationally.

INTRO TO THIRD SECTOR Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

INTRO TO THIRD SECTOR - Article Example Many nonprofit organizations have been negatively impacted by the bad economic times in recent times, which have lowered donation income. This paper discusses different concepts associated with running and managing a nonprofit organization. Nonprofit Management Focusing on the importance of managing stakeholder and relationships in nonprofit organizations, some of the most important stakeholder groups include volunteers, suppliers, lenders, government, and the community. Nonprofit organizations face similar accountability issues as private businesses. Some of the accountability issues nonprofits face are fiduciary, legal, professional, and the duty to preserve and serve the public good. Michael in his argument states that, stakeholder groups have a lot of influence over nonprofit organizations. Managers of nonprofit organizations must clearly understand the expectations of stakeholder groups. It is imperative for managers to keep the lines of communication open at all times with its stakeholders. Some of the mechanisms that are used by nonprofits to facilitate communication with stakeholders are conferences, advisory committees, member surveys, newsletters, and data sheets (Michael, 2013). Research Statement and methodology From perspective point of view we find that, nonprofit organizations provide vital services that markedly contribute to the health of our communities. The goal of this research in regards to Nonprofit Management aspect however, is to find the concrete solutions that should be initiated in such organizations to enhance growth and provision of quality services in our communities. We believe that fundamental organizational and management principles can be used by leaders in the nonprofit sector to strengthen both their systems and service delivery. The Nonprofit Management Program however, provides affordable, practical and accessible information to people working in and with the nonprofit arena, whether they are paid staff, directors, board me mbers, philanthropists or volunteers. It integrates commitment facets to entire community and that’s why this research plays a vital position in analyzing the better things to be considered for better service delivery (Drucker, 2006). Meanwhile, the manager of a nonprofit has control over the relations with its stakeholders. The support of stakeholders can be maintained by satisfying their concerns and meeting their expectations. The effectiveness of a nonprofit organization is dependent on the ability of these entities of maintaining productive relationship with all stakeholder groups. One of the findings of the study performed by the author of the journal article is that when executives use a consistent or thematic approach in dealing with the different stakeholder groups the organization is perceived as more effective. More so, the article provided an interesting discussion of the influence stakeholders have on nonprofit organizations. It is in the best interest of a manag er to maintain constant communication with stakeholders in order to understand their needs. The existence of nonprofit organizations is deeply engrained in the society of the United States as it has deep roots. The Greco-Roman culture places emphasis on community, citizenship, and social responsibility. Two distinct concepts associated with nonprofits are charity and philanthropy. Charity refers to giving intended to attend current human needs, while philanthropy is

Summary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Summary - Research Paper Example The nature of a designer personality has been understood in a variety of contexts. Broadly speaking, it’s understood that designer personalities constitute personalities or behavioral patterns that are ‘treated’ through a variety of pharmacological options. The late 20th century witnessed an explosion in this realm of health care. Still, it’s noted that, â€Å"the idea that personality is mediated by biological chemicals is not new; it dates back to Hippocrates and the ancient Greeks† (Carson 2008). Today, however, a myriad of personality characteristics are treated through pharmaceutical options. Such treatments began with chemical responses to such severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Chemical treatment for severe dysfunctioning soon gave way to chemical options for a variety of elements of personality. In these regards, pharmaceutical options exist prominently for the treatment of depression and anxiety symptoms, with Prozac and Zoloft, being among the most prominently prescribed drugs (Baghai & Rupprecht 2006). In addition to depression and anxiety, traits such as attention-deficit disorder are regularly treated through chemicals. There are a variety of advantages and disadvantages to the modern tendency towards ‘designer personalities’. Obvious advantages can be witnessed in individuals who contain severely debilitating personality disorders. For instance, it would be impossible for many individuals with schizophrenia, bi-polar disorder, or severe social anxiety to function without the aid of chemical intervention. Still, it’s clear there are a number of disadvantages. Perhaps the most prominent negative aspects of this occur with the glut of children diagnosed with attention-deficit disorder. Rather than restructuring the education system to adapt to the students, society has attempted to re-wire human consciousness. Another concern is that diversity of personality is an important part of a c reative and innovative culture. In simply medicating society to a perceived ideal, important and unique personality characteristics are being eliminated. In conclusion, this essay has examined what are termed ‘designer personalities’. In this context of understanding, it’s revealed that designer personalities are already a prevalent part of the contemporary cultural climate, as individuals are readily medicated for depression, anxiety, and a variety of personality ‘shortcomings’. Ultimately, while there are advantages for individuals with severe dysfunction, the disadvantages are the threat of a monotone culture. References Baghai TC, Moller HJ, Rupprecht R (2006). "Recent progress in pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options of major depression". Curr. Pharm. Des. 12 (4): 503–15. Carson, S. (2008). "designer" personalities . Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/life-art/200807/designer- personalities 2. One of th e largest-scale scientific undertakings in recent years has been the human genome project. The Human Genome Project is a multinational effort to identify and map the approximately 20,000 – 25,000 genes of the human genome (McElheny 2010). The project was launched in 1990 and in 2000 a working draft of the genome was announced (McElheny 2010). 2003 witnessed the development of a complete draft of the human genom

The Positivism And Interpretivism Philosophy Essay

The Positivism And Interpretivism Philosophy Essay The book of Business Research Methods gives me guidance for how to do business studies and how to carry out research project. In the first part of the book tells me the relationship between theory and research, in the detail its a explain of how to combine the theory and research during the business studies process. (Page: 4) 1a. What is meant by epistemological considerations? Epistemological concerns the study of knowledge and what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study? Epistemology is a kind of using the same principles, procedures, and ethos as the natural sciences study to explore the nature of human knowledge, structure, the relationship of recognizing the objective reality, the premise and basis of knowledge. The position that affirms the importance of imitating the natural sciences is invariably associated with an epistemological position known as positivism. (Page: 15) 1b. Explain in concrete terms the differences between the so-called positivism and interpretivism? Positivism: (Page: 15-1.7) Positivism is a kind way of epistemological position that claims to use the natural sciences methods to study and beyond of reality society. In the book, there are some principles of using positivism. Positivisms principles: 1. Only phenomena and hence knowledge confirmed by the senses can genuinely be warranted as knowledge (the principle of phenomenalism). 2. The purpose of theory is to generate hypotheses that can be tested and that will thereby allow explanations of laws to be assessed (the principle of phenomenalism). 3. Knowledge is arrived at through the gathering of facts that provide the basis for laws (the principle of phenomenalism). 4. Science must (and presumably can) be conducted in a way that is value free (that is, objective). 5. There is a clear distinction between scientific statements and normative statements and belief that the former are the true domain of scientist. This last principle is implied by the first because the truth or otherwise of normative statements cannot confirmed by the senses. Interpretivism: (Page: 16) Interpretivism is a term given to a contrasting epistemology to positivism. It is necessary for the research to understand differences between humans in our role as social actors. There are differences between conducting research among people rather than physical objects. To enter the social world of our research subjects, understand their world from their point of view. (Page: 16) Interpretivism arose as scientists felt that human beings were not puppets to react to stimuli in a prescribed manner. They were active and purposeful and can respond to stimuli in different ways depending upon their interpretation. Interpretivists describe human beings as having intent and the power to interpret;they say that human beings have the capability to construct their surroundings rather than being a mere spectators to what is happening around them. These scientists stressed the thinking, intentions and behaviors of human beings more than positivists thereby drawing conclusions that were more realistic and perhaps more valid also. Interpretivists talk about shared consciousness as the brain behind many of the concepts in a society. 2a. What is meant by ontological considerations? Ontological considerations: (Page: 20) Questions of social ontology are concerns with the view on nature of reality, the study of nature of existence. The core question of this part is whether the social entity can and should be considered objective entities which have the truth external to social actors, or whether they can and should be considered social constructions built up from the perceptions and actions of social actors. (Bryman 2004: 16) These positions are frequently referred to respectively as objectivism and constructionism. 2b. Explain in concrete terms the differences between objectivism and constructionism? Objectivism: (Page: 21 1.13) Objectivism is an ontological position that asserts that social phenomena and their meanings have an existence that is independent of social actors. It implies that social phenomena and the categories that we use in everyday discourse have an existence that is independent or separate from actors. Constructionism: (Page: 22 1.14) Constructionism is an ontological position (often also referred to as constructivism) which asserts that social phenomena and their meanings are continually being accomplished by social actors. It implies that social phenomena and categories are not only produced through social interaction but that they are in a constant state of revision. Objectivism and constructivism is diametrically opposite assumptions about reality, mind, thought, meaning and symbolism. The objective belief is that the world is real. The reality is the external awareness. Since it is sees the world as real it assumes that learners have the same understanding of this reality. The reality can be structured model to guide a learner. Constructivist perspective requires learners to create their own reality based on his experiences and views. The constructivist point that not a reality. Because the reality is a product of personal views and experiences are unique individuals many reality can exist. The objectivism think the role of the mind as a processor of abstract symbols thought of as symbols of the builders of the Constructivist perspectives. Objectivism sees the role of the mind as a processor of abstract symbols while constructivism views the mind as a builder of symbols. Relationship of epistemology and ontology to business research (Page: 23) Every science has its own ontology, epistemology and consequently its own methodologies. So when the business research Ontology defines the fundamental categories of reality. Domain ontology as distinct from formal ontology is related to focus of study. Each research field has its own ontology. Epistemology defines how we can know and reason that reality. The methodologies of each of these two scientists have followed as different systems of investigative techniques within their focus of study. They use different scientific methods studying different domains with different epistemology and ontology.

A Prayer for Owen Meany Essay -- essays research papers

A Prayer for Owen Meany In literature of significant standing, no act of violence is perpetrated without reason. For a story to be legitimate in the area of fine literature violence cannot be used in a wanton manner. In John Irving’s modern classic, A Prayer for Owen Meany the audience is faced with multiple scenes of strong violence but violence is never used without reason. All of the violent acts depicted in the novel are totally necessary for the characters and the plot to develop. This plot-required violence can be seen in the novel’s first chapter when Owen accidentally kills John’s mother and in the novel’s last chapter when John relates Owen’s grotesque, while heroic, death to the audience. The violence that is shown in this novel is used in such a calculated manner that it leaves a great impression on the audience. In Chapter one, the narrator vividly relates his mother’s death to the audience, explaining the reasoning behind this amount of detail with the statement, â€Å"Your memory is a monster; you forget- it doesn’t.† The author meticulously records every sensory stimulus he received in the moments leading up to and following his mother’s death; demonstrating how this event dramatically altered the course of his young life. Another example of the detailed memory the narrator recounts in this portion of the novel is seen in the passage, â€Å"Later, I would remember everything. In revisiting the scene of my   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &...

Public Speaking Essay

PUBLIC SPEAKING INTRODUCTION When we heard the word, ‘public speaking’, what came to mind is standing in front of a crowded room packed with people and talking to them. The image alone sometimes create an enormous effect on most people, causing nervousness, and maybe even fear. Before we jump to that, let’s look at the definition of the word itself. According to Merriam Webster online dictionary, the words Public Speaking has a meaning of â€Å"the act or process of making speeches in public,† or â€Å"the art of effective oral communication with an audience.† Next, what is an audience? An audience is defined as â€Å"a group of listeners or spectators.† From the definitions, we can draw a conclusion that in public speaking, there is an act of both speaking and listening. So what differentiates public speaking from a conversation? While both public speaking and conversation involves a direct and face-to-face encounter, usually public speaking is more of a ‘one-wayâ €™ talking. Although nowadays most speakers claim that they want an interactive session, but usually the audience is given a specific time to do so. Next, in terms of language, public speaking uses a formal language. Because they are speaking in front of a group of people, speakers need to adress their audience in a more formal way. Third, and most importantly, public speaking needs to be structured. They need to have a tight grasp on their topic and do their research thoroughly. The reason the topic ‘Public Speaking’ is chosen is because it is something that everyone needs to do at some point of their lives. It is also based on the In conclusion, public speaking can be defined as the act of making a speech in front of a group of listeners, and is different from conversation in terms of approach, language, and structure. TYPES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING Naomi Rockler-Gladen, a former professor at Colorado State University, wrote on the website suite101 that there are three types of public speaking; informative, persuasive, and ceremonial. These types also defines the purposes, or the reasons the speech is made. More details on the three types of public speaking will be explained below. The first type, informative. Informative has the meaning of giving information, to inform. An informative speech has a purpose to inform, or give knowlegde to its audience about  something that they probably did not know of before. The end goal of an informative speech would be to equip the audience with a brand new knowledge that they can apply to a particular aspect of their lives. The important thing to watch about giving an informative speech is to not put in too much information. Imagine an empty bucket being filled with water. If being filled with too much water then the water will leak out for sure. The same thing applies to the audience. The ‘leaking’ must be avoided at all costs, so the information has to be kept simple, yet useful. The second type is persuasive speech. A speaker giving a persuasive speech needs to be able to persuade the audience to do, or believe in something. Usually, the speaker would try to change the mindset, perception, or behavior of the audience for their own good. Giving an informative speech is not an easy thing to do. The speaker needs to be really passionate about the cause they’re giving, in order to convince and persuade the audience to follow suit. The second thing that can be done is to look for common ground with the audience, try to relate to what they might agree on. Third, try to aim for a smaller scope of issue for a start. As mentioned before, a speaker is given a time limit to deliver his or her speech, and it will not be easy to change one’s mind in such a short time. Third, and last type is a ceremonial speech. There are so many ceremonies in our li ves, starting from graduation, engagement, wedding, to funeral. Usually this kind of speech is given to congratulate, or in the case of a funeral, remembering the dearly departed. Thus, the given speech tends to be less formal and more personal than the other types of speeches. The important thing to watch about giving a ceremonial speech is to be appropriate. No matter how well you know the person you are giving speech about, try to not say bad things about them, even if it is meant to be a joke. The point here is to make them feel special, not to bring them down, especially in front of a large group of people. From the three types of speeches mentioned above, we can draw a conclusion that all kinds of speeches will have have to cause some kind of an effect for the audience. Informative speech needs to result in the audience understanding or knowing something they did not know before. Persuasive speech is aimed to change someone’s perspective about something or to ask them t o do something, and ceremonial speech should be more personal, and make someone feel special and included in a certain ceremony. PREPARING The key of perfecting anything is through practice, and public speaking is no exception. However, merely practicing will not be sufficient to have a successful public speaking. Aside from practicing, there are also several things that can be done to prepare oneself for the often-dreaded experience. The first thing is to know who the audience will be. Try to get as much information as possible regarding this particular area. Age, gender, cultural brackground, sexual orientation, and religious views are among the most crucial things that a speaker needs to know. These informations will be very helpful to the speakers to determine their style of speaking, the approach that they are going to use, and to avoid offending a particular group. There are three questions that needs to be kept in mind when working on the speech: To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? What is the most effective way to composing and presenting my speech to acco mplish that aim? (Lucas, 2004). The next thing that can be identified is the venue. Knowing the ‘battlefield’ in advance will give the speakers a huge advantage. They would be able to plan beforehand, for example, where they want to stand, and if they wish to walk around, what pattern would be best so the audience will not get too distracted, and how they are going to face the audience. Every speakers need to have a tight grasp on their topics. Therefore, they need to do a thorough research before they present their topic to their audience, especially if they are giving an informative speech. Speakers can acquire their materials from many different resources, whether it be the books from the library, the internet, or even their own knowledge and experiences. At the end of every session, usually the audience are given the time to ask questions regarding the topic, and the speaker needs to be able to answer them. There are two words that most speakers always have with the m during their seminar or presentation; visual aids. They are usually in the form of a Power Point presentation, which can include texts, audios, and videos. The essence of having a visual aid, aside from making the presentation more interesing, is so that the audience can have a better understanding of the topic. Speakers can include the main points of each of their ideas instead of the whole sentence in their slides, to keep the audience from getting bored. Last, as  mentioned above, practice is necessary. Sparing some time to practice will help build confidence, which is an important thing to have in delivering a speech or presentation in public. It will also help determine the length of the presentation, whether it is too long or too short from the given time. From the explanations above, it can be concluded that there are five things that needs to be prepared in public speaking, which are; knowing the audience, identifying the venue, doing a thorough research on the topic, ha ving a visual aid, and practicing. These five elements of preparation could be the key to ensuring the success of public speaking. PRESENTING When all the preparation has been done, comes the real challege; presenting. There are a few aspects speakers need to pay attention to while giving their speech. Language is the main aspect a speaker needs to pay attention to while giving a speech. Whether their purpose is to inform or persuade, language is their tool, their weapon. Therefore, how the use the language is crucial to the success of their speech. Language needs to be used clearly. Words are not limited to a universal meaning, which means that not everyone interprets a word in the same meaning or understanding. A speaker needs to choose their words carefully and make it clear to the audience what they mean of it. Language also needs to be used appropriately. When giving a speech, audience looks up to the speaker to give them something new, something useful. Thus, the speaker needs to know how to deliver their speech to fulfill the audiences’ expectation. Audience tends to prefer if their speaker can deliver their speech without any form of notes or texts. Speaking from the memory shows a great deal of confidence, and that will gain more respect from the audience. However, there is no harm from getting help from notes or flashcards. This can help the speaker remember and focus on their main points, and also keep their speech organized. Language and delivery alone will not be sufficient if the speaker does not have the right body language. Body language includes personal appearance, movement, gesture, and eye contact. The phrase â€Å"don’t judge a book by its cover† is often heard but rarely practiced. First impression will always matter in the way one person looks at another, so a speaker needs to dress appropriately. The movement and gesture of a speaker also affects the audience, for  example, if the speaker keeps pacing around the room, it willl distract the audience from the topic and confuses them. Sometimes, when a speaker is feeling nervous, he or she will tend to make move their hands around or play with their hair, etc. This should be avoided at all costs, as mentioned above, to avoid making the audience feels distracted. Eye contact needs to be maintained to hold the audience. Lucas explained in his book that when speaking in front of a small audience, you can look briefly from one person to another, but in a larger audience, it is better to just scan through the audience rather than look at each person directly. It has been mentioned above that it is best if the speaker could prepare visual aids beforehand. While presenting a visual aid, the speaker needs to be clear, but by doing so, they also need to still be connected to the audience, and not be too immersed in their own visual aids. The visual aid itself should be made as large and as intersting as possible. While closing the speech or presentation, speakers can restate their main points, just to remind the audience of the important things that has been said. They can also end it with a s pecial message and encourage the audience to ask questions. Speaking in public is all about confidence. Wearing the right clothes, movements, gesture, maintaining eye contact, and having visual aids can enhance the speakers’ confidence, and in return, will gain the respect and trust from the audience. BBIBLIOGRAPHY Lucas, Stephen. The Art of Public Speaking. 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill, 2004. Print. Osborn, Michael, and Suzanne Osborn. Public Speaking. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Print. Rockler-Gladen, Naomi. â€Å"Public Speaking Class Tips: Writing Great Speeches for Your Speech Course | Suite101.com.† Naomi Rockler-Gladen | Suite101.com. 13 Jan. 2007. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. .

The Face of American Cities essays

The Face of American Cities essays The face of American cities has changed dramatically over the course of the past several decades. The nation has become increasingly urban over that span, but the role of cities has changed. At one point, American cities were thriving centers of trade and industry. This was followed by the rise of suburbia, white flight and urban decay. Today, many cities have become renewed, and urban America is once again a vital driver of culture and industry. Not all cities, however, have joined in this renewal. Many still stand in decay, plagued by issues of crime, poverty, undereducation and neglect. It is vital that American cities not only survive but thrive. They are the economic and cultural engines of the nation. This paper will examine the changes in Americas cities in recent decades, the impact they have on the nation and ultimately sort out who is responsible for ensuring the health of our cities. Cities have changed dramatically over the past couple of decades. The post-war era was marked by significant white flight to the newly-developed suburbs. As wealthier families left the cities, they were replaced primarily by the poor, and by immigrants. This reduced the wealth of cities dramatically, resulting in increased poverty and decay. Many cities saw declines in population over this period Detroit and Buffalo for example have seen their urban populations cut in half since 1950. However, the white flight trend has begun to reverse in many cities. Urban renewal projects have cleaned up formerly impoverished areas, and many immigrant and minority families have followed the jobs into the suburbs. The trend towards white flight is beginning to reverse in cities as diverse as Atlanta, Boston, San Francisco and Chicago (Dougherty, 2008). This latest demographic shift will once again change the role of cities in America. Cities have traditionally played a dominant role in the economics and culture of ...

To Err is Human essays

To Err is Human essays There is a famous saying that says " To err is human. " This simply means that everyone has flaws, they're what make us human. Benjamin Franklin, however, believed that people could achieve moral perfection. This could be done by listing all of your immoral flaws, and trying to perfect them one by one. I tried this, and I came up with several flaws that I would like to correct. Not trying hard enough at school, being mean to my parents, making fun of people, being argumentative, and my road rage are just some The first flaw I listed is one that needs to be corrected very soon. Not trying very hard at school has been a very big problem for me lately. I think that my hectic schedules of work and extra curricular activities plays a large part in this. I always seem to do just well enough to get A's and B's. I never study for tests, and when I do my homework, I usually fly through it as fast as I can. I think that setting out more time to study and do my homework correctly would be a good start at correcting this flaw of mine. I could also try to stop making fun of people all of the time. I don't do this on purpose, it's just that I like to be the class clown and crack jokes a lot. Unfortunately, several people have pointed out that when I make these (in my mind harmless) little jokes, I often hurt people's feelings. I should stop and think before I speak , because words can One of the most dangerous flaws I appear to have is a severe case of road rage. I've always known that I've had a quick fuse as far as tempers go, but I have always felt that I have learned to keep it in check. On the road however, I become " that idiot "; You know, that guy that is always cutting people off and screaming out the window like a maniac. Many of my friends refuse to ride with me because of this. If I don't learn to calm down, my self or someone else may get seriou ...

Pick a chemical industry or book chapter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pick a chemical industry or book chapter - Essay Example Modern technology, as we know it today, greatly depends on silicon-based products. The majority of building stone, clays and silica are the silicon products and vastly used in the construction industry. Glass, polymers, silicon-metals and ceramics and semiconductors made from silicon are low cost allow for high quality packaging (Wilamowski & Irwin 145). The final commodities of silicon are absolutely necessary in the modern world because of our immense dependence on this element. If silicon based commodities are short the world economy might collapse. Technology and construction industry cannot survive without silicon-based products. Structural compounds such as silicate minerals or silica, also known as crude silicon dioxide, form the backbone of the construction industry. Portland cement is a crucial and commodity of silicon. It is usually combined with gravel and sand to make concrete. Silicon is also used to make a ceramic called firebrick. Natural aluminium phyllosilicates form s an essential component of the whiteware ceramics. Similarly porcelain is often used in art projects and for domestic purposes. Silica-based soda lime glass or the common glass that is used in homes is also a silicon product. And finally fiberglass, glass fibers and optical fibers (including glassful) are the end products of silicon element that form the backbone in ceramics industry. The majority of industry produced silicon is kept in ferrosilicon alloy form. About 15% of the worlds production of metallurgical grade silicon is used in semiconductors. The element used for this purpose is highly refined and only forms a fraction of the total production. Silicon’s crystalline nature gives it significant electrical and mechanical advantages (Maluf & Williams 13). The monocrystalline silicon form is used in integrated circuits and in terms of leverage (comparing the quantity produced against its usage) the highly refined form is extremely valuable in the electronics

Global Economy and Transnational Corporations Essay

Global Economy and Transnational Corporations - Essay Example If Reich’s theory is valid, then the role of the government is creating competitiveness for the nation is by being the custodians of the economy as opposed to being just regulators. In this case, the government must seek to develop the national capital through promoting education and through policies. Peter Dicken (2010) however seems to disagree with Reich’s look of the global economy and argues that the global economy can be measured by the way the multinational or transnational firms are operating. He argues that TNC (Transnational Corporations) are the barometers for a global economy. The dilemmas with this theory are that it does not take into attention some factors such as these multinationals do not necessarily pledge their economic allegiance to the nations where they are, but only consider where their best interest is safeguarded. However, it is important in that the presence of a multinational in a country may be an indication of an economy that is doing well. A good example can be seen in China and India which are doing very well economically after so many western multinationals moved their business to these nations. If this theory is valid, then it means that the role of the government is regulatory as opposed to being the custodians of the economy. Alfred Chandler (1977) seems to be in congruence with Peter Dicken. This is because he argues that the world economy is affected by the hierarchy of management in private businesses. This is also contrary to what Robert Reich postured with regard to the wealth of nations, or work of nations. According to Alfred Chandler, the middle management has converted Adam Smith’s invisible hand into a visible hand and now the wealth of nations is not created from the invisible hands that amount from everyone in the economy working together, but that the middle management in firms is the ones who drive the wealth of nations. The advantage of this theory is that it may not explain some situations such as in developing nations where the economy and industries are not as structured as in the developed nations.  Ã‚  

Relationship LensEveryday Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relationship LensEveryday Ethics - Essay Example This paper will use "Everyday Ethics" by Catharyn Baird as a guide to develop a personal ethical framework for the workplace. A number of ethical competencies need to be enhanced and developed in my profession. At the basic level it should involve anger management in order to avoid conflicts. Problems should be rectified in a smart and prudent manner. Further negative events in the workplace should be used as a stimulus to improve productivity and output. The ability of choosing how to live and work is called free will. We all decide on our own about how we will live our lives. Philosophers call this ability a gift of free will. The understanding of how to live our life is called self efficacy. This is another ethical competency that needs to be integrated in the workplace. As a professional I am answerable to the management, colleagues, and customers. I need to implement superior ethical principles which will assist in creating an efficient and effective work environment. In order to better handle our professional lives we should improve our self efficacy. Self efficacy is defined by Albert Bandura as an ability to handle different given types of performances. The people who have strong belief in their self efficacy will be ready to make choices in their lives according to the situation. They start believing that they are effective. With knowledge and learning our self efficacy can increase. In the event we find more satisfaction and we become effective ethical agents in our professional lives. Self efficacy helps to create superior relationships and associations with the stakeholders. Management, colleagues, and customers are the constituents to whom I am answerable. Workplace Integrity Integrity is about creating accountability and fairness in the workplace. This is accomplished through the pursuit of clear and precise objectives. I need to protect the information of the organization. It also means following honest and transparent procedures during work tasks and duties. Workplace Greatest Good The greatest good is achieved in the workplace by maintaining a balance between organizational interests and ethical dilemmas. I seek to create an ethical environment where the spirit of friendship, openness, and collaboration is promoted. Workplace Justice Justice inside the workplace should be implemented in a smart and prudent manner. It means that individuals should ensure that there is no discrimination or bias. As a professional, I seek to implement justice so that the work duties are distributed according to the skills and expertise of the workforce. Workplace Courage Workplace courage means that the employees should express their opinions and feedback in an open and constructive manner. I pursue these qualities in order to ensure the highest ethical and moral principles in the workplace. Future Perceptions and Career Different work situations can create cynicism in our minds and because of that self efficacy in our professional lives can become low. For example, if we are working in a manufacturing plant where we are only a part of system and not connected to our customers even in good times; we may start believing that we have no control over our economic lives. We feel

Organizational Project Management Maturity Model Essay Example for Free

Organizational Project Management Maturity Model Essay 1. Introduction Successful implementation of a new organizational strategy can turn a good organization into a great one. Conversely, strategies that fail or generate poor results can quickly damage the organization’s reputation and brand, internally and externally. Effective strategy execution is the responsibility of all levels of management, who must be involved actively and consistently to orchestrate required organizational changes and to manage the portfolio of investments that underpin these change initiatives. The Organizational Project Management Maturity Model is a framework that provides an organization wide view of portfolio management, program management, and project management to support achieving best Practices within each of these domains. This holistic perspective is a powerful tool enabling successful execution of organizational strategies, portfolios, programs, and projects, especially when these transcend functional and hierarchical boundaries. Moreover, OPM3 global best Practices, applied to the execution of strategy, can drive superior and sustainable results. Effective strategy execution is the responsibility of the organization’s strategic planning and governance structures, which must be involved accurately and consistently to orchestrate required organizational changes. They manage the portfolio of investments that underpin these change initiatives. 2. Organizational project management Organizational project management is the systematic management of projects, programs and portfolios in allignment with the achievements of strategic goals. The concept of organizational project management is based on the idea that there is correlation between organization’s capabilities in project management, program management and portfolio management and its effectiveness implementing strategy. Organizational Project Management Project Portfolio Program Strategic Goals * Project – A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result. * Program – A group of realated projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually. * Portfolio – Acolloection of projects or programs and other work that are grouped together to facilitate effective management to meet strategic business objectives. 3. OPM3 Model OPM3 is an acronym for the Organizational Project Management Maturity Model, a standard wich is developed under the stewardship of the project management institute. The purpose of this standard is to provide a way for organizations to understand organizational project management and to measure their maturity against a comprehensive and broad based set of organizational project management best practices. OPM3 also helps organizations to increase their organizational project management maturity to plan for improvement. 4.1. Primary physical parts of the standard There are three parts; i. Narrative text – presents the OPM3 foundational concepts, with various appendices and glossary ii. Self assessment – provide a tool in support of the assessment step out lined in OPM3 iii. Directories – contain data on nearly 600 organizational project management best practices and their constituent capabilities 4.2. OPM3 Stages There are four sequential stages of process improvement; STANDARDIZE| MEASURE| CONTROL| CONTINUOUSLY IMPROVEMENT| 4. How does the OPM3 work? OPM3 offers the key to organizational project management maturity with three interlocking elements; i. The KNOWLEDGE element lets organizations uncover hundreds of Best Practices and shows them how to use the information available in OPM3. ii. The self ASSESSMENT element is an interactive database tool that lets organizations evaluate their current situation and identify their areas in need of improvement should an organization decided to embark on the path to higher maturity. iii. The IMPROVEMENT element will help map out the steps needed to achieve their goals. * KNOWLEDGE element which drives Assessment * ASSESSMENT element which in turn drives Improvement * IMPROVEMENT element. 5. Benefits of OPM3 to the organization I. It bridges the gap between strategy and individual project. II. It provides a comprehensive body of knowledge regarding what constitutes best practices in organizational project management. III. By using OPM3, an organization can determine exactly which organizational project management best practices and capabilities it does and does not have. IV. If the organization decides to pursue improvements, OPM3 provides guidance on prioritizing and planning. 6. What kind of commitment is required to launch OPM3 in an organization? The process of applying OPM3 in an organization is difficult to quantify. It depends on factors such as the size, complexity and initial maturity of the organization, the thoroughness of the assessment, the nature of the organization’s strategic objectives, and the level of resources available also impact any estimate. However, the assessment portion of such an initiative is most likely to take from several weeks to several months. Should an organization decide to embark upon improvements, the planning and implementation steps are likely to take longer, depending on how many best practices and related capabilities an organization decides to work on at one time. 7. Importance of OPM3 to the project management profession The Project Manager Competency Development Framework is the standard to guide the professional development of project of project managers and those aspiring to be project managers. OPM3 is the first iteration of a standard for organizations. It has the potential to create a new environment for those who are working in the project management profession, by illuminating the important link between projects and organizational strategy and the importance of organizational support to project management practices. The information in OPM3 is based on very broad based input from project management practitioners and consultants. 8. Summary The current global economic climate has ushered in an era of uncertainty that throws the importance of Organizational Project Management (OPM) maturity into sharp relief. It is critical for organizations to renew their ability to create cost efficiencies, economies of scale and agility to adapt to the changing business environment through projects. Companies need the organizational capability to choose the right projects, manage costs, and innovate. They need the organizational capability to delivery projects successfully, consistently, and predictably. The Project Management Institutes OPM3 Standard was developed with input from thousands of project practitioners and represents best practices in Project, Program, and Portfolio Management. OPM3 incorporates the PMIs PMBOK Guide, the most widely adopted standard for managing individual projects, and expands this into the domains of Program Management and Portfolio Management. OPM3 emphasizes choosing the right projects to advance organizational strategies and implementing the processes, structures, and behaviors necessary to deliver projects successfully, consistently, and predictabl y. Standardization of project work methods lays the foundation for achieving higher levels of maturity and excellence to create the organizational agility and resilience you need in todays marketplace. Leading organizations of all types and sizes across multiple industries are adopting OPM3 to transform their ability to close the gap between strategic intent and tactical outcomes through successful project selection and delivery. The preferred method for implementing OPM3 begins with an OPM3 Assessment by a PMI certified OPM3 Professional. 9. References * Project Management Institute, Inc. (2003). Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3). Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3). 1 (1), 1-195. * Project Management Institute, Inc. (2004). An executives guide to OPM3. An executives guide to OPM3. 1 (1), 1-5.

Study of Organized Retail in Rural Indian Markets

Study of Organized Retail in Rural Indian Markets Shubham Kumar Retailing accounts for around 10% of the Indian GDP and the Indian retail market is estimated to be worth around US $600 billion in 2015 and to reach US$1.3 trillion by 2020. It is also one of the fastest in the world in terms of growth and already consists of 1.2 billion people. In order to understand the standing of organized retailing in the rural Indian markets, one must first understand what is meant by organized retailing itself. 1.1 Organized Retailing   Ã‚   With more than 15 million owner manned mom-and-pop stores, India is often called a nation of shopkeepers. This is referred to as unorganized retailing and it refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing such as the local corner shops, owner manned general stores, paan/beedi shops, convenience stores, hand carts and pavement vendors, etc. On the other hand, organized retailing refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers who are registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the publicly traded supermarkets, corporate-backed hypermarkets and retail chains, and also the privately owned large retail businesses. The face of retailing in India was changed by the emergence of organized retail formats along with a shift in the Indian consumers attitude. The above figure shows the evolution of the Indian retail market. However, organized retailing in the Indian markets has mostly been in the urban regions and the overall Organized Retail Penetration (ORP) is low at 8% (in 2015) showing that a lot of potential still exists. 1.2 Organized Retailing in Rural Indian Markets The unorganized retailers hold advantages such as being personal, strong relationships, serving as points of news, offering credit and helping the people in difficult times. Further, they understand the local requirements and offer low prices as they have low overheads. By 2012, urban Indian markets was where 85% of the organized retailing took place in India. However, with a lot of foreign players entering, limited and expensive desirable real estate and foreign investment restrictions have pushed the Indias retail market closer to maturity. The rural Indian market on the other hand, consists of 833,087,662 people (68.84% of total) living in around 6,40,867 villages. Development of the rural market began after the Green Revolution when the demand for farm inputs like hybrids seeds and fertilisers began rising. Yet only a small part of the vast rural market remains covered by organized retailers such as DCM Shrirams Hariyali, HULs Project Shakti and ITCs e-Choupal. The following figure shows the evolution of the different retailing formats in the rural markets: Organized retailing offers certain advantages such as operating in a large scale with multiple outlets, being highly efficient and hold high bargaining power over suppliers due to their volume purchases. In addition to these advantages, following are some drivers which are fueling organized retailing in the rural markets: 2.1 Scope This study looks at various secondary sources of information regarding the major players involved in organized retailing in the rural Indian markets. An analysis of their marketing mix along with their strategies is done and the opportunities and challenges for retailing in these markets are identified. Following are the organized retailing entities covered as a part of this study: Warana Bazar Godrej Aadhaar ITC e-Choupal Caupal Sagar HUL Shakti DSCL Hariyali Kisaan Bazaar 2.2 Major Organized Retailers in Rural India Due to its vast potential and growth, the rural Indian market has been successful in attracting many large corporate houses and come up with innovative means to cater to their needs. Some of these firms include international players such as HUL, ITC, Gilette etc. While some of these initiatives were successful, some were not able to gain enough traction. 2.2.1 Warana Bazar Warana Bazar (WB) was founded in the year 1976 and started operating in 1978 in Warana, Maharashtra. It operates as a consumer co-operative store and has become immensely successful. By 2015, WB had 2 large departmental stores, 55 branches and 3 franchisees in 101 villages spread across Kolhapur and Sangli in Maharashtra in addition to being present in Goa and Karnataka. The yearly turnover reached à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¹132 crores with a daily turnover of more than à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¹35 lakhs powered by only 610 employees and 24,000 members. The stores provided 30,000 different types of goods across 24 sections. They also eliminated the middlemen by purchasing 70% of the goods directly from the manufacturers or from authorized stockists and agents. The goods were priced cheaper than anywhere else, suggesting an everyday low pricing policy. In addition to this, innovative ideas have proven to be crucial in the success of WB. They educated the customers about spurious goods and in addition to this, it felicitates the mothers around Warananagar who give birth to a girl child in order to help improve the sex ratio. Vilasrao. A training center coined Tatyasaheb Kore Consumers Cooperative Training Centre was also established in 1996 to gain access to trained salesmen. 2.2.2 Godrej-Future Group: Aadhaar Stores Godrej Aadhaar (GA), the agri services cum retail initiative of Godrej Agrovet Ltd., a subsidiary of Godrej Industries Ltd., came into operation in December 2003 by opening a center at Manchar, Pune in Maharashtra. Initially, the Aadhaar stores were owned and operated by Godrej Agrovet itself. After a joint venture with the Future Group in 2008, some company-owned outlets were closed and expanded through franchisees. By 2012, it entered the cash-and-carry business selling to wholesalers and Aadhaar outlets. By 2013, there were 45 Aadhaar outlets in Punjab and Gujarat. Image 1: An Aadhar store in Punjab Initially, 1/3rd of the overall sales of Aadhar outlets came from farm inputs, while the rest came equally from apparel, consumer durables and consumer goods. Since then, the share of farm inputs has decreased and presently, more than 90% of the sales came from groceries and consumer goods. Rekhi says. The new strategies have yielded results, and Aadhaar was looking to break even. 2.2.3 ITC Ltd.: e-Choupal Choupal Saagar ITC Ltd. Launched e-Choupal and later Choupal Saagar as a part of the e-Choupal initiative. E-choupals are small kiosks across the agricultural regions of India having computers and internet access and run by a Sanchalak (trained fanner). These kiosks enabled the local farmers to obtain information on wholesale prices, good farming practices, and to place orders for agricultural inputs. In 2004, Indias biggest cigarette maker, ITC, opened its first rural hypermarket Choupal Saagar. By 2007, it had 24 such outlets in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, and by 2013, 21 of these were earning profits. Though it plans to have 100 such store, ITC has not expanded further yet. Choupal Saagar, is essentially a hub with collection and storage facilities and a unique rural hypermarket offering multiple services all in one place. Choupal Saagars also include farmer facilitation centers with services such as sourcing, training, soil testing, health clinic, cafeteria, banking, investment services, fuel station etc. Image 2: A typical Choupal Sagar store. Before launching Choupal Saagar, ITC first had to developed the market. This was done by using the its e-Choupal linkages to buy agricultural produce from farmers helping them increase their productivity and incomes by removing the middlemen and empowering them. After this, Choupal Saagar stores were launched to sell a variety of products and services including farm inputs, consumer goods and consumer durables, apparel and fuel. These stores were located near the stock points of ITCs e-Choupals, ensuring that there existed 1 Choupal Sagar around 25-30 e-Choupals. The farmers could come in, sell their produce, receive cash and then spend it to buy other products at the same place. Thus, the sustainability of this model was ensured. ITC then took this model a step further by introducing Choupal Fresh in 2006 in Hyderabad. The Choupal Fresh would complete the supply chain which begins at the e-Choupals by offering the urban consumers fresh fruits, vegetables and other farm products. 2.2.4 HUL: Project Shakti Project Shakti was started to reach the massive under-served rural Indian markets which could not be economically and effectively reached through traditional methods. In these remote villages, HUL identified underprivileged women and trained them to become Shakti Entrepreneurs (SEs) i.e. distributors of HUL products in villages, in the process enabling them to earn a sustainable income through this business. Initially, the women were trained to be entrepreneurs and were called Shakti ammas, and in the later stages, this was augmented by the addition of Shaktimaan or the male members who helped in the distribution of the HUL products and further increased the income. Considerable resources are invested by HUL to train the villagers to become entrepreneurs, thus, besides being a sales, distribution and communication initiative, Shakti also serves as a micro-enterprise initiative improving the standards of life and providing employment opportunities. HUL is benefitted as the project helps enhance HULs direct rural reach and enables better communication of HULs brands effectively in media-dark regions. In 2001, Project Shakti started from 17 SEs in a single state and by 2008, it had grown to more than 45,000 SEs. Additional projects associated with Project Shakti are Shakti Day, i-Shakti Unit and Shakti Vani Programme. 2.2.5 DSCL: Hariyali Kisaan Bazaar DCM Shriram Consolidated Ltd (DSCL) Hariyali stores were started in 2002 selling farm products, groceries and household goods. In 6 years, it operated 300 stores in India and became the largest rural retail chain. Each Hariyali Kisaan Bazaar operated in an area of 20 kms., catering to agricultural land of about 50,000-70,000 acres touching approx. 15,000 farmers. The value proposition was that of Unnati Ghar Sansaar and Gaon providing valuable technical assistance, soil water testing services, retailing agricultural inputs, facilitating the farmers with credit and providing a platform to the farmers to sell their produce, crop finance, transfer information on weather, price of the products based on demand and supply, all under one roof. It had collaborations with the likes of Tata Agrico, Bajaj Allianz Life, Apollo Pharmacy, Eicher Motors and HDFC Bank. However, the rural market presents a lot of challenges for organized retailing and not all players have been able to succeed in this venture. Revenues kept on increasing at a good rate but the business was not able to earn a profit which caused DSCL to reevaluate its strategy. First, it slowed down expansion and later it shut down some stores and finally after 10 years of trying, it exited the business. Presently, it sells only petroleum products sourced from Bharat Petroleum at 37 locations in the countryside dropping the revenues but also limiting the losses. An ex-employee of said that the outlet didnt offer any discounts and, unlike local grocery stores, didnt sell on credit which might be the main reasons behind its collapse. Image 3: A closed Hariyali store in Haryanas Ladwa village. 3.1 Challenges for Organized Retailing in Rural Indian Markets Typical problems of retailing in rural markets: Low disposable incomes Illiteracy and low awareness Higher overhead costs Fluctuating demand that depends on the monsoon Diverse buying habits Difficulty in competing with mom-and-pop stores 3.2 Distribution and Logistics Models The typical distribution models and hub and spoke model do not always succeed in the rural markets and are very expensive to implement. Taking the example of HUL, taking its huge product portfolio to the remotest of villages was a big challenge. However, the company realized that the conventional hub-and-spoke distribution model which it used to great effect in both urban and semi-urban markets would turn out to be very expensive when penetrating the smaller scattered villages. Hence, it came up with Project Shakti and created local entrepreneurs using self-help groups. This developmental approach made sure that even the remotest of villages could be reached and the market developed without a large investment in the distribution infrastructure. On the other hand, Haryali Kisaan Bazaar was not successful as it could not implement such cost-effective and innovative distribution models, therefore failing to keep its costs low and earn a profit. The sustainability of organized retailing in the rural markets depends upon the ability of the firms to come up with innovative distribution and logistics models such as using public distribution stores, distribution vans, non-government organizations etc. Yet another example can be taken of ITCs Choupal Sagar which used technology to reduce its costs as well as empower the farmers by enabling them to get better deals for their produce. 3.3 Ensuring Sustainability through Market Development In order to generate sales in the remote rural markets, they must be first developed so that the consumers have the required knowledge to find value from the product and the disposable income to be able to afford the product. Organized retail however, does not help in increasing the rural incomes but only meets the consumption requirements. This makes the business models unsustainable. In order to sustain, the organized retailers must simultaneously work to develop these markets by implementing innovative ideas. Looking at ITC, it did not straight away establish the Choupal Sagar stores, instead ITC focused on developing linkages through its e-Choupal program first. It developed a strong network to buy agricultural products from farmers and improve productivity, helping raise their incomes and in the process, reduce its procurement costs. It was after establishing the e-Choupals and a certain level of trust with the rural markets that ITC went on to launch the Choupal Sagar stores which sold a variety of products and services to these rural markets. HULs Project Shakti also ensured sustainability by ensuring the development of the markets through self-help groups called the Shakti Markets. Similarly, Warana Bazar being a consumer co-operative store also helped in the development of the rural markets. Due to a lack of substantial developmental efforts, organized retailers such as the Hariyali Kisaan Bazar and Aadhar Stores have run into trouble, unable to make profits and sustain the business. While the Hariyali Kisaan Bazar have been reduced to selling fuel products, Aadhar Stores have had to shut down a lot of stores and recreate its product mix. Franchises are an attractive way of expanding organized retail stores as local franchisees are better at maintaining customer relationships as they understand the local consumption patterns better. References Equbal, D. S. (2012, January). Organized Retailing in India: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 02(01), 281-291. Govt. of India. (2011). Rural Urban Distribution of Population. Census of India 2011. Haidar, P. (2015, July). Modern Rural Marketing Network. Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development, XXV(01), 91-102. India Brand Equity Foundation. (2017). Retail Industry in India. Jain, V. (2016, August). Challenges for Organized Retailing in India. International Journal of Research in Commerce Management, 07(08), 45-46. Poonam Talwar, S. S. (2011, July Dec.). Retailing Prospects in Rural Market. International Journal of Computer Science and Communication, 02(02), 527-529. Surajit Dey, D. S. (2012, Nov. Dec.). Organized Retail in the Rural Markets in India. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 06(01), 16-25.